| Liabliity Under Clean Water Act |
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| Enacted in 1972, The Clean Water Act1 (CWA) attempts to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of United States waters by regulating the discharge of pollutants into the nation's surface waters, water treatment plants, and wetlands. Generally, a violation of the CWA occurs when a pollutant is discharged without an appropriate permit or in contravention or an effluent limitation or pretreatment requirement.
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| Closed-End Funds |
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| The three basic types of investment companies regulated under the Investment Company Act of 1940 are closed-end funds, mutual funds, and unit investment trusts. Closed-end funds must be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Such funds are regulated under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and are subject to the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Regulations have been issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission to govern the operation of closed-end funds.More... |
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| The Antitrust Exemption for Joint Newspaper Operating Arrangements |
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| The Newspaper Preservation Act, 15 U.S.C.S. §§ 1801-1804, provides a limited exemption from antitrust laws for joint operating arrangements between newspapers in a particular locality. The objective of the legislation is to preserve independent reporting and editorial operations of the two newspapers while allowing shared production facilities that through a lowering of costs would allow both newspapers to survive.More... |
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| Corporate Loans to Directors and Officers |
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| At common law, a corporation's surplus funds could lawfully be loaned to directors and officers of the corporation unless the loan was fundamentally unfair to the shareholders, concealed from the shareholders, or fraudulent. The circumstances under which a corporation may permissibly make loans to directors and officers are now largely governed by statute. The permissibility of such loans varies from state to state. Most jurisdictions have adopted some version of the Revised Model Business Corporation Act (Act). Under the Act, a corporation generally cannot make a personal loan to an officer or a director unless the loan has been approved (or subsequently ratified) by a majority of the shareholders. If an approved loan is challenged, judicial review is often focused on whether the loan was fair overall to the corporation and its shareholders. More... |
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| Business Conduct Codes |
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| Business Conduct Codes for New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq Listed CompaniesMore... |
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